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(Specimens) & w a v Q Q m v m i v a 2 i w A b 8 N I k 9 00 00 0 a I 1 W 0 6 a m e F t m n lu m E & w t M 3 Q a h t h 8 N MU J N NQ 5? m mm mm %m NM- 2 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. I

FREDERICK \V. READ, OF BRIDG'EPORT, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR OF ONE- IIALF TO DAVID M. READ, OF SAME PLACE.

TWO-PLY INGRAIN CARPET FABRIC.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 417,090, dated December 10, 1889.

Application filed December 5, 1888! To all 1071,0117, it may concern.-

Ile it known that I, FREDERICK \V. READ, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Bridgeport, Fairfield county, State of Connecticut,-have invented certain new and useful Improvements in 'Iwvo-Ply Ingrain Carpet Fabrics, of which the following is a specilication, reference being bad to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof.

The invention relates to two-ply ingrain carpet fabrics.

It has for its object the production of a carpet fabric which shall be heavier in weight and possess better wearing qualities than the ordinary two-ply ingrain carpet, and which shall be cheaper to manufacture and possess better wearing qualities than the ordinary three-ply ingrain carpet; and it consists of the composite fabric hereinafter described and claimed.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 represents the construction of weave of an ordinary two-ply ingrain carpet, being a diagrammatical representation of a section of the fabric, taken in the direction of the warpthreadsthat is, a section through the weftthreads 5 and Fig. 2 similarly represents the construction or weave of a fabric embodying the invention and showing the same pattern and colors on the face. Fig. 3 represents part of a loom which may be conveniently employed in producing the improved fabric.

In two-ply ingrain carpeting the warpthreads, and the weft-threads as well, are divided into two portions, the one portion pertaining to one plyto wit, the groundply-and the other portion pertaining to the other-to wit, the figure-ply. Thus, in Fig. 1 the yellow and white warp-threads, marked 1 and u, pertain to the ground-ply, and the black and red warp-threads, marked Z) and r, pertain to the figure-ply; similarly theyellow and white weft-threads, marked Y and \V, pertain to the ground-ply, and the black and red weft-threads, marked B and R, pertain to the figure-ply. Ordinarily the warp-threads are carried in the loom all on one Warp-beam, and with the same tension at all parts, and are drawn in through the harness of the loom so as to lie alternately across the width of the Serial No. 292.706. ($pecimens.)

loom, first a warp-thread pertaining to one ply, then a warprthread pertaining to the other ply, and so on. Thus, for example, the

warp-threads, beginning at one side of the loom, would alternate across the entire width of the loom, as follows: yellow, black, white, red, yellow, black, white, red, and so on.

The warp-threads and weft-threads which pertain to the ground-ply, considered by themselves, weave (ordinarily by the operation of two of the shafts or journals of the loom) aplain single-ply cloth, and the warp-threads and weft-threads which pertain to the figureply, considered by themselves, weave (ordio 5 narily by the operation of the other two shafts or journals) a plain single-ply cloth. The weaving of'these two plain single-ply cloths proceeds alternately and with equal progression in the loo1n-that is to say, the

fourth red, (figure-ply,) the fifth yellow,

(ground-ply,) the sixth black, (figure-ply,) and so on. In the fabric when woven the two plain single-ply cloths lie above and below each other, the one constituting the back where the other constitutes the face of the composite or two-ply fabric. In the weaving these two plain cloths or plies are (ordinarily by the operation of the Jacquard mechanism of the loom) reversed whereverdesired, either in the width or in thc'length of the fabricthat is,the cloth or ply which formed the face is at its next pick sent to the back and the other which formed the back is brought to the face. IV here a fresh card of the jacquard comes into operation at every pick of the loom, this reversal of the plies can be made at any pick of the loom, and where a fresh card of the jacquard comes into operation at every second pick of the loom the reversal of plies can be made (in the length) only at I00 any second pick of the loom.

The reversal of the plies from front to back Thus in the weaving of the fabric 7 5 and back to front of the fabric produces the design or pattern in the finished fabric, and this ingraining or crossing or reversal of the plies also produces a binding or tying together of the fabric as a whole whereby its wearing qualities are improved. Thus in the fabric shown in Fig. l the plies are reversed or crossed after the eighth pick or shot, again after the eighteenth, the twentietlu'the twentysecond, the twenty-fifth, the twenty-seventh, the twenty-ninth, the thirty-first, the thirtyfourth, the thirty-sixth, the thirty-eighth, the forty-first, the forty-third, the forty-fifth, and the forty-seventh, the pattern effect yellow and white on the face being produced where the ground-ply is up on the face for the distance of four or more weft-threads thrown, the pattern effect black and red being produced on the face where the figure-ply is up for the distance of four or more weft-th reads thrown, and the pattern effects yellow and black on the face, black and white on the face, white and red on the face, red and yellow on the face, being produced where the reversals or crossings of the plies are after every second shot for the distance of four or more weftthreads thrown. The pattern effect yellow and white is called ground-up, because it is produced wholly by the ground-ply. The pattern effect black and red is called figureup, because it is produced wholly by the figure ply. The pattern effects yellow and black, black and white, white and red, red and yellow are called shot-about, because they are each produced by the two plies, (ground and figure,) arranged on the face shot and shot-about. Throughout the twoply fabric, and notwithstanding the crossing or ingraining of the plies wherever desired, the character (separately considered) of each of the two cloths or plies is maintained and preserved as a sin gle-ply cloth of plain weave, and the composite fabric as a whole is a doubleply or double-faced fabric.

In practicing the invention I employ a set of warp-threads additional to and distinct from the Warp-threads heretofore described, which additional set of warp-threads I combine in the mannerhereinafter described with the two ply ingrain fabric heretofore described. The additionalset of warp-threz-ids I prefer to carry (in the loom) upon a separate warp-beam, and t operate such separate warpbeain so that the additional set of warpthreads shall be under slight-l -greater tension than the other warp-threads of the fabric.

The ordinary weft and warp threads of the improved fabric are arranged and manipulated in the weavingin the same way as heretofore described and existing, and when considered by themselves are found in the improved fabric in the same combinations and relations as heretofore described and existing. \Vith them, however, are combined in the new fabric the additional set of warps referred to, and so combined as that the warpthreads of the additional set lie along the middle of the composite fabric whatever reversals'or crossings of the plies there may bethat is to say, the warp-threads of the additional set are so manipulated by the jac quard or other proper devices of the loom that they are raised above each weft-thread that is sent to and forms the back of the fabric wherever it forms the back of the fabric and are left down under the weft-threads which are sent to and form the face of the fabric wherever theyform the face of the fabric. The warp-threads of the additional set therefore traverse the improved fabric from end to end like the other warp-threads; but, unlike the other warp-threads, the warpthreads of the additional set lie in the middle of the fabric bet-ween the face and the back whatever be the reversals or crossings of the'plies and consequent changes of pattern effects and form no part of either the face or the back. They do not, therefore, pertain to either ply and are not interwoven in either plain cloth constituting the plies when separately considered. The warp-threads of the additional set may be made heavier than the other warp-threads, and may be made of cheaper inaterialas, for instance, of jute or cotton. They give body and weight to the fabric as a whole and cushion the face and back plies, thereby preserving those face and back plies longer against wear and tear, and are not themselves subject to wear and tear, because they do not appear either on the face or onthe back of the fabric. I prefer to employ one such additional warp-thread for every four of the other warp-threads; but the number in the additional set may be greater or less than this so long as they give substantially increased body and thickness to the fabric as a whole. For instance, there may be two such additional warp-threads for every four of the other warp-threads.

In weaving the improved fabric with a thread of the additional warp, forievery four threads of the original warp I preferably proceed as follows: I draw in the entire warp as follows, beginning at one side of theloom: yellow, black,white, jute, red, yellow, blackavhite, jute, red, and so on, the jute warp-threads being the warp-threads of the additional set carried on a separate warp-beam and under slightly greater tension than the other warpthreads. These jute warp-threads I draw in through additional harness-mails, the harness-threads of which pass through the fixed cumber-board A. (Shown in Fig. 3.) Each such harness-thread I connect by means of two neck-threads (in the manner shown in Fig. 3) to two tails or knot-cords of the jacquardto wit, to those tails or knot-cords of the jacquard, which control, respectively, the ground warp-thread next adjacent and the figure warp-thread next adjacent in the drawing in of the warp to the particular additional warp-thread controlled by such harness-thread. This is shown in Fig. 3, where each additional harness-thread 4t 9 14 19 (controlling each a warp-thread of the additional set of warps) is connected above the fixed cumber-board A and above the shafts or jour nals B R V Y by means of two neck-cords (I, b to the tails or knot-cords of the jacquard, as shownto wit, 4 to 3 and 5, 9 to S and 10,14 to 1-3 and 15, 1!) to 18 and 20, and so on;

the knot-cords 3, 8, 13, and 18 controlling the white warp-threads and 5, 10, 15, and 20 controlling the red warp-threads in the drawing in heretofore assumed, and the order of the designatin g-numerals employed, representing the order in which the entire warp is drawn in-to wit, 1 yellow, 2 black, 3 white, at jute, 5 red, (3 yellow, &c.repeated across the loom. Thus, when the figure-lifter board rises, each warp-thread of the additional set as, say, l-is raised by that figure-lifter board when the figure warp-thread adjacent to it (3) is raised by that lifter-board in opening a shed for a shot of the ground-ply and similarly is left down when the figure warpthread is left down,and when the groundlifter- 7 board rises that same additional warp-thread (4) is raised by that grounddifter board when the ground warp-thread adjacent to it (5) is raised by that lifterboard in opening a shed for a shot of the figure-ply, and similarly is left down when that ground -warp thread is left down. The tie-up is such thatthe warp-threads of the additional set (i 0 14: 19) are not operated at all by the shafts or journals of the loom, but are operated only by the jacquard or other pattern-forming device of the loom. By the tie-up described the warp-th reads of the additional set are carried to the top of the shed wherever the weft to be thrown is to form the back face of the fabric and are left-at the bottom of the shed wherever that weft is to form the face of the fabric; and so the warp-threads of the additional set lie along the middle of the fabric throughout, whatever be the crossings of the plies and whatever the pattern and color effects produced. Other methods of arranging the loom and of weaving the improved fabric may, however, be adopted.

The improved fabric, as compared with old ingrain carpeting, is cheaper to manufacture than three-ply ingrains, and has better wearing qualities than either three-ply or two-ply ing-rains. Three ply ingrain carpeting is thick and heavy and so cushions the front and back face; but the front and back face wear better, so far as that factor is concerned,

in twoply than in three-ply ingrain carpets. The improved fabric combines the closewoven face of two-ply with the cushioned face of three-ply ingrain carpets. Moreover, the present invention has a tendency to improve the coloring and figuring of the goods, for in those parts of the pattern where the ingraining of the plies is most frequent and so where fabric has a tendency to be drawn more tightly together and the weft-threads of one face to be somewhat too closely drawn toward or into the other face, the present invention will fill out such parts of the carpet and maintain the surface at such places, as well as the more loosely woven bag-likeor purse-like portions, all of an even and smooth surface, and this circumstance will also improve the wearing qualities of the fabric as a whole. Again, at those portions of the fabric where what is technically known as gazing would occurthat is to say, where by reason of gaps on the one side of the fabric the other face of the fabric shines through or could be seen throughat such places the additional set of warps would prevent such gazing of the under face of the fabric and so would prevent the sometimes hurtful effect of such gazing upon the general color-effect of the face.

The invention may be embodied in rugs, art squares, and other fabrics which are substantially in construction of Weave a two-ply ingrain fabric, as heretofore described.

\Vhat I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

A two-ply ingrain carpet fabric having an additional set of warp-threads lying along the middle of the fabric, substantially as shown and described.

FREDERICK W. READ.

Witnesses:

CHESTER W. BENNETT, DAVID F. HoLLIs'rER. 

